The rise of the electric bicycle has benefits for peoples health and the environment, especially when it replaces short car trips. However, there are also drawbacks. In particular, there are concerns about young people who may be less physically active due to electric bike use. The use of electric bicycles also leads to more and more severe traffic accidents, according to research by the RIVM.

For this research, the RIVM conducted various data analyses using information on physical activity and accidents from the Leefstijlmonitor. The RIVM also performed a literature scan and organized a meeting with experts.  

Advantages and disadvantages

This research shows that the rise of the electric bicycle has both advantages and disadvantages, for physical and mental health as well as the environment. This depends, among other things, on the distance traveled, the level of electric assistance, and the mode of transport replaced. If the electric bicycle replaces the car, this may have environmental benefits. For traffic safety, there are mainly disadvantages, such as more and more severe accidents.

Different effects per population group

For young people, the use of the electric bicycle is expected to have a negative effect on health. This is because the electric bicycle usually replaces the regular bicycle. Young people may therefore be less physically active. Young people between 12 and 17 years old mainly choose an electric bicycle because of the speed.

For other groups, the electric bicycle has advantages. This applies, for example, to the elderly and people with disabilities, overweight, or chronic conditions. They can cycle longer (or continue cycling) because of this.

Providing education about the importance of physical activity and safe use of the electric bicycle can help reduce negative health effects. Likewise, discouraging the use of electric bicycles for short distances. Wearing a helmet can increase traffic safety.  

More and more Dutch people cycle electrically

More and more Dutch people from all layers and groups of society choose the electric bicycle. It is easier and they can cycle longer distances. In 2023, about 29 percent of Dutch cyclists rode exclusively on an electric bicycle, an increase of about 6 percent compared to 2021. With 68 percent, people over 50 are still the largest group of users. It is striking that the number of young people up to 24 years old using electric bicycles doubled in two years.

More research needed due to rapid developments

The number of electric bicycles (including fatbikes) is expected to continue to increase. More research is needed to map the effects on health and the environment, for example the influence of the level of pedal assistance on the physical effort required on an electric bicycle or how often the car is replaced.

The RIVM conducted this research on behalf of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management.